Synonym |
Entero-Kassinin |
Species |
Human |
Protein Accession |
P09683 |
Purity |
Greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE |
Endotoxin Level |
Less than 1 EU/µg |
Biological Activity |
The ED50 for this effect is typically 4-24 ng/mL. Measured by its ability to inhibit
forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. |
Expression System |
E. coli |
Fusion Tag |
His tag at N-terminus |
Predicted Molecular Mass |
Approximately 4.5 kDa |
Formulation |
Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS |
Reconstitution |
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized Entero-Kassinin in sterile 18 MΩ-cm H2O not
less than 100 µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions. |
Storage & Stability |
Lyophilized Entero-Kassinin although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored
desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution Entero-Kassinin should be stored at 4°C between 2-7
days and for future use below -18°C. |
FAQ
What is Entero-Kassinin and how does it work in the body?
Entero-Kassinin is a synthetic peptide
that mimics the naturally occurring peptide known as kassinin. This peptide is primarily found in the
gastrointestinal system and plays a significant role in modulating various physiological activities. The
importance of these peptides arises from their interaction with neurokinin receptors, which are part of
a larger class of receptors known as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). When Entero-Kassinin binds to
these receptors, it triggers various intracellular pathways that can lead to a range of effects, such as
smooth muscle contraction, modulation of pain signals, and regulation of inflammatory responses. In the
context of the gastrointestinal tract, Entero-Kassinin may enhance motility by acting as a
neurotransmitter or neuromodulator at the neuromuscular junction. This leads to increased peristalsis,
which can be beneficial in conditions where there is decreased motility, such as certain types of
constipation or incomplete bowel obstruction. Furthermore, Entero-Kassinin's effect on the pain pathways
may provide additional therapeutic benefits by alleviating discomfort associated with gastrointestinal
conditions. By acting on neurokinin receptors, it alters the perception of pain and modifies the body's
response to painful stimuli. This makes Entero-Kassinin a potentially useful compound in managing
visceral pain, which is often a challenging symptom to address in gastrointestinal disorders. The
complexity of its action lies in its ability to engage with multiple receptor subtypes, each possibly
influencing different physiological processes. Thus, through carefully monitored administration,
Entero-Kassinin can bring about a harmonization of the gut environment by not only enhancing reflexes
involved in digestion but also by reducing symptoms that may accompany various gastrointestinal
ailments.
What benefits can users expect from incorporating Entero-Kassinin into their health
routine?
Users of Entero-Kassinin can anticipate a range of benefits, particularly focused on gut
health and associated physiological systems due to its interaction with neurokinin receptors found
predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. One of the prominent benefits users report is an
improvement in bowel motility. Entero-Kassinin's role in enhancing peristaltic movements can be
immensely beneficial for individuals who struggle with conditions like chronic constipation or sluggish
transit time, facilitating a more regular and comfortable bowel movement pattern. This improvement in
bowel function can also contribute to alleviating symptoms of abdominal bloating and discomfort commonly
associated with impaired gut motility. Another important benefit pertains to its potential in pain
modulation. Entero-Kassinin, through its action on neurokinin receptors, might play a pivotal role in
reducing visceral hypersensitivity. This can lead to decreased perception of pain, providing relief to
individuals suffering from painful gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
By dampening the intensity of pain signals, users may experience a noticeable reduction in the severity
and frequency of abdominal pain episodes. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory properties of
Entero-Kassinin can contribute to a healthier gut environment. By modulating inflammatory pathways, this
peptide might reduce inflammation-related damage within the gastrointestinal system, potentially
benefiting individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) or other inflammatory conditions of the
gut. The cumulative effect on the gastrointestinal tract translates into an overall improvement in
digestion and nutrient absorption. Users might find that by maintaining a better-functioning digestive
system, there is an enhancement in their overall vitality due to improved energy levels and nutritional
status. However, it is crucial to note that while Entero-Kassinin presents several potential health
benefits, its use should always be monitored by a healthcare professional to tailor its application to
individual health needs and conditions.
Are there any side effects associated with the use of
Entero-Kassinin?
The administration of Entero-Kassinin, like any bioactive compound, can be
associated with certain side effects, although these may vary among individuals. Given its action on
neurokinin receptors, which are distributed in various tissues throughout the body, the primary side
effects are often related to its effects on the gastrointestinal and nervous systems. One of the most
commonly reported side effects is gastrointestinal discomfort, which may include symptoms such as
cramping or diarrhea. This is likely due to the enhancement of gut motility, which, while beneficial for
certain conditions, can sometimes lead to overactivity in the digestive tract for some individuals. To
mitigate such effects, it's essential for users to start with a lower dose and adjust gradually under
the guidance of a healthcare provider. Another potential side effect stems from its influence on
neurotransmitter pathways, possibly leading to mild neurological symptoms such as headaches or
dizziness. In some cases, users might experience an alteration in mood or sleep patterns due to the
interaction of Entero-Kassinin with central nervous system receptors. While these side effects are
generally mild and transient, it is important for users to be aware and to monitor any persistent or
severe symptoms. Furthermore, because Entero-Kassinin can modulate inflammatory responses, there is a
hypothetical risk of immune system interactions, which might manifest as increased susceptibility to
infections or, conversely, exacerbation of autoimmune symptoms in predisposed individuals. Therefore,
individuals with compromised immune systems or autoimmune disorders should approach its use cautiously
and under medical supervision. Allergic reactions cannot be ruled out entirely, although they tend to be
rare. Symptoms may include rash, itching, or in severe cases, anaphylaxis. Hence, individuals with a
history of peptide allergies or hypersensitivities should undergo an allergy test before use. Overall,
while the risk of side effects exists, they can usually be managed effectively through appropriate
dosing strategies and by continually monitoring the body's response to the treatment.
How should
Entero-Kassinin be stored to maintain its efficacy?
Proper storage of Entero-Kassinin is crucial to
ensure its chemical stability and efficacy over time. Like many bioactive peptides, Entero-Kassinin's
stability can be affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and light exposure.
To maintain its effectiveness, it's important to store Entero-Kassinin in a cool, dry place. Ideally, it
should be kept at a controlled temperature, away from direct sunlight and heat sources, as these can
accelerate the degradation of the peptide. Storing the peptide in a refrigerator is often recommended
because this environment not only maintains a stable temperature but also limits exposure to fluctuating
outdoor humidity levels which can alter peptide integrity. Additionally, freezing Entero-Kassinin is
sometimes suggested for longer-term storage, as the low temperatures can significantly slow down any
hydrolytic or oxidative processes that might occur, preserving the peptide's structure and activity.
However, if freezing, it is important to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, which can cause the peptide
to degrade. This can be managed by aliquoting the Entero-Kassinin into smaller portions, allowing the
user to only thaw the amount needed for immediate use. Containers storing Entero-Kassinin should be
airtight to protect the peptide from moisture, which can lead to hydrolysis and compromise its
effectiveness. Amber vials are also advisable as they provide protection against light exposure, which
can also contribute to the breakdown of peptide bonds, rendering the product ineffective. Importantly,
Entero-Kassinin should be kept in its original container until just before use. This helps avoid
contamination, which could compromise the integrity of the compound. If any discoloration,
precipitation, or change in the peptide's appearance occurs, it should not be used, as these changes can
indicate degradation or contamination. By adhering to these proper storage guidelines, users can ensure
that Entero-Kassinin remains potent and effective over its intended shelf life.
Can
Entero-Kassinin interact with other medications or supplements?
Entero-Kassinin, while exhibiting a
specific mechanism of action, has the potential to interact with other medications or supplements,
primarily due to its effects on neurokinin receptors and its influence on gastrointestinal motility and
pain perception pathways. One of the primary considerations when using Entero-Kassinin in conjunction
with other medications is its potential to alter gastrointestinal motility. Drugs that affect the
gastrointestinal tract, such as laxatives or motility enhancers, could have their effects amplified when
taken alongside Entero-Kassinin. Conversely, medications used to decrease gut motility, such as certain
antidiarrheal agents, might see a reduction in efficacy due to the peptide’s pro-motility effects. It's
vital for users to discuss such interactions with healthcare providers to adjust dosages and scheduling
in a manner that maximizes therapeutic benefits while minimizing potential side effects. Another aspect
to consider is Entero-Kassinin's role in modulating inflammatory responses. This can be particularly
relevant for individuals taking medications for inflammatory conditions. Anti-inflammatory drugs,
including corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), could undergo altered
efficacy due to overlapping pathways influenced by Entero-Kassinin’s peptide activity. Similarly,
immunosuppressive medication's effects might be either potentiated or diminished, requiring careful
monitoring by a healthcare professional. Entero-Kassinin's impact on neurotransmitter systems, given
that neurokinin receptors also exist in the central nervous system, introduces possible interactions
with psychotropic medications, such as antidepressants or anxiolytics. When combined, there is a
likelihood of exaggerating or dampening the effects of either treatment, influencing mood, sleep
patterns, and overall mental well-being. Nutritional supplements, particularly those targeting
inflammation or gastrointestinal health (such as probiotics or fiber supplements), might also interact.
While these interactions are not inherently negative, they do necessitate a strategic approach to
maximize synergistic benefits while minimizing undesired effects. For instance, the timing of
Entero-Kassinin administration relative to these supplements may need adjustment. In summary, while
potential interactions exist, many of them can be effectively managed through a detailed medication
review and coordination with healthcare providers to individualize treatment plans based on each user's
unique health profile and treatment goals.